Archive for the ‘Diseases’ Category

Adrenal Disease

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Megan about six months after she came down with adrenal disease. I had the cancer removed, she was 3 years old, but she didn’t make it.

WorldMarketStudy announces it Will Carry GlobalData’s Periodontal Disease – Drug Pipeline Analysis and Market Forecasts to 2016 June reports in its store.

 

Browse complete report at http://www.worldmarketstudy.com/market-report/periodontal-disease-drug-pipeline-analysis-market-forecasts-2016-706.html

GlobalData, the industry analysis specialist’s new report, “Periodontal disease – Drug Pipeline Analysis and Market Forecasts to 2016″ is an essential source of information and analysis on the global periodontal disease market. The report identifies the key trends shaping and driving the global periodontal disease market. The report also provides insight on the prevalent competitive landscape and the emerging players expected to bring significant shift in the market positioning of the existing market leaders. Most importantly, the report provides valuable insight on the pipeline products within the global periodontal disease sector.

The global periodontal disease market was valued at ,248m in 2009 and is characterized by efficacious dental procedures such as scaling, root planing and surgery. The periodontal therapeutics market comprises Local Applied Antibodies (LAAs) and systemic applied antibodies. The influx of new drugs and the increase in the uptake of LAAs will the drive the market in the forecast period. The various phases of the developmental pipeline contain 19 molecules. Of these, only five are in Phase III and the rest are in the early stages of development. The pipeline consists of no new antibiotics. The combinations of the tetracylines are expected to improve the efficacy of the treatment. However, the drug is similar in nature to doxycyclines. The entry of cost effective drugs in the forecast period is expected to aid the market growth.

This report is built using data and information sourced from proprietary databases, primary and secondary research and in house analysis by GlobalData’s team of industry experts.

Scope

The scope of the report includes:

Annualized global periodontal disease market revenues data from 2001 to 2009, forecast for seven years to 2016.
Geographies covered in this report are the United States (US), the United Kingdom (UK), Italy, Spain, Germany, France, and Japan.
Pipeline analysis data providing a split across different phases, mechanisms of action being developed and emerging trends. The key classes of mechanism of action include tetracycline antibiotics, osteopath stimulators and anti-inflammatories, H+/K+ ATPase inhibitors; cell wall synthesis inhibitors.
Analysis of the current and future market competition in the global periodontal disease market. The key market players covered are Kaken Pharmaceutical, Fibrocell Science, Inc., and Combinatorx, Inc.
Insightful review of the key industry drivers, restraints and challenges. Each trend is independently researched to provide a qualitative analysis of its implications.
Key topics covered include a strategic competitor assessment, market characterization, unmet needs and implications for the future periodontal disease market.

Reasons to buy

The report will enhance your decision making capability in a more rapid and time sensitive manner. It will allow you to:

Develop and design your in-licensing and out-licensing strategies through review of pipeline products and technologies and by identifying companies with the most robust pipeline.
Develop business strategies by understanding the trends shaping and driving the global periodontal disease market.
Drive revenues by understanding key trends, innovative products and technologies, market segments and companies likely to impact the global periodontal disease market in future.
Formulate effective sales and marketing strategies by understanding the competitive landscape and by analyzing the performance of various competitors.
Identify emerging players with potentially strong product portfolio and create effective counter-strategies to gain competitive advantage.
Organize your sales and marketing efforts by identifying the market categories and segments that present maximum opportunities for consolidations, investments and strategic partnerships.
What’s the next big thing in the global periodontal disease market landscape? – Identify, understand and capitalize

1 Table of contents
1.1 List of Tables
1.2 List of Figures

2 Global Periodontal Disease: Market Characterization
2.1 Overview
2.1.1 Treatment Options
2.2 Periodontal Disease Market Size
2.3 Periodontal Disease Market Forecast and CAGR
2.4 Drivers and Barriers for the Periodontal Disease Market
2.4.1 Drivers for the Periodontal Disease Market
2.4.2 Barriers for the Periodontal Disease Market
2.5 Opportunity and Unmet Need
2.6 Key Takeaway

3 Global Periodontal Disease Market: Competitive Assessment
3.1 Overview
3.2 Strategic Competitor Assessment
3.3 Product Profile for the Major Marketed Products in the Periodontal Disease Market
3.3.1 Periostat (Doxycycline Hyclate)
3.3.2 Arestin (minocycline hydrochloride microspheres)
3.3.3 Periochip (chlorhexidine gluconate)
3.3.4 Atridox (doxycycline hyclate 10%)
3.4 Key Takeaway

4 Global Periodontal Disease Market: Pipeline Assessment
4.1 Overview
4.2 Strategic Pipeline Assessment
4.3 Periodontal Disease Market – Promising Drugs under Clinical Development
4.4 Molecule Profile for Promising Drugs under Clinical Development
4.4.1 Minocycline HCl
4.4.2 Trafermin (bFGF: Basic fibroblast growth factor)
4.5 Periodontal Disease Market – Clinical Pipeline by Mechanism of Action
4.5.1 Periodontal Disease – Phase III Clinical Pipeline
4.5.2 Periodontal Disease – Phase II Clinical Pipeline
4.5.3 Periodontal Disease – Phase I Clinical Pipeline
4.5.4 Periodontal Disease- Preclinical Pipeline
4.6 Key Takeaway

5 Global Periodontal Disease Market: Implications for Future Market Competition

6 Global Periodontal Disease Syndrome Market: Future Players
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Fibrocell Sciences, Inc
6.2.1 Company Overview
6.2.2 Business description
6.3 Orapharma
6.3.1 Company Overview
6.3.2 Business Description
6.4 Tolmar Inc
6.4.1 Company Overview
6.4.2 Business Description
6.5 Kaken Pharmaceutical
6.5.1 Overview
6.5.2 Business Description
6.6 Eli Lilly & Company
6.6.1 Company Overview
6.6.2 Business Description

7 Periodontal disease Market: Appendix
7.1 Definitions
7.2 Acronyms
7.3 Research Methodology
7.3.1 Coverage
7.3.2 Secondary Research
7.3.3 Forecasting
7.3.4 Primary Research
7.3.5 Expert Panels
7.4 Contact Us
7.5 Disclaimer
7.6 Sources

1.1 List of Tables
Table 1: Various Types of Medications Employed in Treating the Periodontal Disease 6
Table 2: Periodontal Disease, Global, Historical Revenue ($ m), 2001-2009 7
Table 3: Periodontal Disease, Global, Forecasted Reveune ($ m), 2009-2016 8
Table 4: Major Marketed Products Comparison in Periodontal Disease Market, 2010 16
Table 5: Periodontal Disease – Most Promising Drugs Under Clinical Development, 2010 20
Table 6: Periodontal Disease – Phase III Clinical Pipeline, 2010 22
Table 7 Periodontal Disease- Phase II Clinical Pipeline, 2010 22
Table 8 Periodontal Disease – Phase I Clinical Pipeline, 2010 23
Table 9: Periodontal Disease – Preclinical Pipeline, 2010 23
Table 10: Fibrocell Sciences, Inc – Periodontal disease Pipeline Product Portfolio, 2010 26
Table 11: Genzyme Corporation – Periodontal Disease Pipeline Product Portfolio, 2010 26
Table 12: Tolmar, Inc – Periodontal Disease Pipeline Product Portfolio, 2010 27
Table 13: Kaken Pharmaceutical – Periodontal Pipeline Product Portfolio, 2010 28
Table 14: Eli Lilly – Periodontal Disease Pipeline Product Portfolio, 2010 29

1.2 List of Figures
Figure 1: Periodontal Disease, Global, Historical Revenue ($ m), 2001-2009
Figure 2: Periodontal Disease, Global, Forecasted Revenue ($ m), 2009-2016
Figure 3: Opportunity and Unmet Need in the Periodontal Disease Market, 2010
Figure 4: Strategic Competitor Assessment, 2010
Figure 5: Pipeline Products by Phase of Development, 2009
Figure 6: Technology Trends Analytics Frame Work, 2010
Figure 7: Technology Trends Analytics Frame Work – Description, 2010
Figure 8: Periodontal Disease Market – Clinical Pipeline by Mechanism of Action, 2010
Figure 9: Periodontal Disease Market – Clinical Pipeline by Phase of Development, 2010
Figure 10: Implications for Future Market Competition in the Periodontal Disease Market, 2010
Figure 11: Periodontal Disease Market – Clinical Pipeline by Company, 2010
Figure 12: GlobalData Methodology, 2010
Figure 13: GlobalData Market Forecasting Model, 2010

View All Pharmaceuticals Market Reports http://www.worldmarketstudy.com/Pharmaceuticals-market-research-4.html

 

In which Hank celebrates the passage of health care reform by discussing the weridest diseases he could discover. And there are some WEIRD ones/
Video Rating: 4 / 5

More Diseases Articles

Wax Moulage of Infant with disease

Image by Curious Expeditions
Label is pealed over, all that can be read is "herediataria", which means a hereditary disease.

At the Jospehinum Medial Museum in Vienna, Austria

Datamonitor forecasts the inflammatory bowel disease market to become increasingly competitive with the anticipated launch of seven new products, spanning five drug classes from 2010 to 2019. These therapies are forecast to inject over billion into a market projected to reach up to .7 billion by 2019 and offer more therapy choice to specific patient groups.

Scope

*Segmentation and analysis of products across all stages of the IBD pipeline with in-depth discussion of key Phase II and III pipeline therapies

*Insight and analysis of market potential including robust epidemiology forecasts, and a review of key opinion leader requirements for new products

*Ten-year indication-specific forecasts of seven pipeline products, with a comparison of their relative clinical and commercial attractiveness

*Review of unmet needs based on key opinion leader interviews and a focus on innovative early-stage drug development and assessment of future treatment

Highlights

Datamonitor identified 108 products across all stages of development, but these treatments vary immensely by target. The diversity of the pipeline will broaden future therapy choice for specific patient groups, such as TNF-failure patients and the mild to moderate group.

Opinion leaders cite the re-randomization of patients responding to initial treatment in Crohn’s disease trials as an effective design. In ulcerative colitis assessing induction and maintenance treatment in separate studies of new drugs will play a significant role in drug labeling, particularly for the European Medicines Agency.

Two key late-stage pipeline drugs show particular clinical and commercial potential. Simponi (golimumab) is viewed positively by opinion leaders for ulcerative colitis. In Crohn’s disease, chemokine antagonist GSK1605786 (Traficet-EN) is anticipated to reach the market by 2017 and could potentially threaten biologics as a maintenance agent.

Reasons to Purchase

*Understand the recent advances in the inflammatory bowel disease pipeline and gain insight into leading gastroenterologist opinion

*Access sales forecasts for late-stage pipeline products and understand new product positioning through analysis of clinical and commercial factors

*Evaluate the unmet needs in both Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis and the challenges faced in clinical trial development

Overview 1

Catalyst 1

Summary 1

About Datamonitor Healthcare 2

About the Immunology & Inflammation pharmaceutical analysis team 2

Executive Summary 3

Strategic scoping and focus 3

Datamonitor insight into the disease market 3

Related reports 5

Upcoming related reports 5

Table of Contents 6

1. Pipeline Overview and Dynamics 7

Key findings 7

Pipeline overview 8

Diverse late-stage pipeline for inflammatory bowel disease 8

Companies remain interested in inflammatory bowel disease, particularly ulcerative colitis 10

Limited number of candidates have made it to Phase III 11

Interleukin and TNF inhibitors are most commonly targeted, while development focuses on oral delivery 12

Comparative forecasts 14

Datamonitor pipeline assessment summary 16

Key companies involved in the inflammatory bowel disease pipeline 17

Centocor Ortho Biotech 17

Cosmo Pharmaceuticals 18

GlaxoSmithKline 18

2. Epidemiology 20

Key findings 20

Definition 21

Crohn’s disease 21

Ulcerative colitis 21

ICD-10 codes used to define the inflammatory bowel disease indications 21

Patient segmentation by anatomical location 22

Ulcerative colitis 23

Crohn’s disease 23

Patient segmentation according to disease severity 25

Crohn’s disease 25

Mild-to-moderate Crohn’s disease 25

Moderate-to-severe Crohn’s disease 25

Fistulizing Crohn’s disease 25

Severe fulminant Crohn’s disease 26

Remission in Crohn’s disease 26

Ulcerative colitis 26

Mild ulcerative colitis 26

Moderate ulcerative colitis 26

Severe ulcerative colitis 26

Fulminant ulcerative colitis 27

Remission 27

Segmentation of patients by severity useful for directing therapy, but is not clearcut 28

Disease definition and diagnosis criteria used in epidemiology analysis 28

Crohn’s disease 29

Ulcerative colitis 29

Global variation and historical trends 30

Risk factors 33

Genetics 33

Environmental factors 34

Smoking 34

Epidemiologic forecasting of IBD 35

Sources of epidemiologic data 35

Description of methods 35

Japan 36

US 36

European markets 36

Epidemiological results 38

Current prevalent cases and future trends of Crohn’s disease 38

Current prevalent cases and future trends of ulcerative colitis 41

Discussion 44

Strengths of Datamonitor’s epidemiologic projections 45

Conclusions 45

Rest of the world 46

3. Current Market Overview 47

Key Findings 47

Current treatment options 48

Topical and oral 5-aminosalicylates (5-ASAs) 48

Corticosteroids 49

Immunomodulators 49

Biologics 50

Antibiotics 50

Antidiarrheal and fluid replacement 50

Leading treatments for inflammatory bowel disease 50

Current gold standard and comparator therapies 52

5-aminosalicylates remain the gold-standard therapy in ulcerative colitis 52

Gold-standard in Crohn’s disease is less clearcut 53

Comparator drug 54

Remicade (infliximab) is the comparator therapy in both Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis 54

Current market overview 55

Unmet needs in Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis 58

Crohn’s disease 58

Effective agents for maintaining remission without immunosuppression 58

Drugs needed for mild Crohn’s disease population 59

Safer oral therapies as an alternative to expensive biologics 59

Effective treatments for fistulizing Crohn’s disease 59

Predicting response to therapy 60

Better activity measurements in clinical trials 60

Ulcerative colitis 61

Powerful, well-tolerated agents for inducing remission quickly and an oral maintenance agent are most wanted 61

Drug therapies for refractory patient population 61

Disease-modifying drugs 62

Simple blood test to indicate disease activity 62

Target product profile versus current level of attainment 62

Efficacy 64

Crohn’s disease 64

Ulcerative colitis 65

Safety 66

Formulation 66

Cost 67

4. R&D Approach 68

Key findings 68

Clinical trial design in Crohn’s disease 69

Changes in inflammatory bowel disease clinical trial design have been two-fold over the last decade 69

Crohn’s disease trial design remains a work in progress, but aided by several recently published guidelines 70

Indices that reflect inflammation are needed in modern Crohn’s disease trial design 72

Time point to assess the effectiveness of drugs in clinical trials 72

Randomization of patients from onset of trial with induction and maintenance endpoint deemed less effective 73

ACT, PRECiSE-2 and CHARM trials set a precedent for modern Phase III Crohn’s disease trials 74

Clinical trial design in ulcerative colitis 75

Ulcerative colitis clinical development guidelines for European approval 75

Indices in clinical trials of ulcerative colitis 76

Remicade’s ACT clinical trial set the precedent for modern ulcerative colitis trial design 76

5. Pipeline Analysis & Forecasts: TNF inhibitors 78

Key findings 78

Overview for TNF inhibitors 79

Pipeline summary 79

Simponi (golimumab; Centocor Ortho Biotech/Merck & Co./Mitsubishi Tanabe) 79

Drug overview 79

Drug profile 80

Clinical trial data 80

SWOT analysis 82

Datamonitor drug assessment summary for Simponi 83

Clinical and commercial attractiveness 85

Potential to switch patients from Remicade to Simponi 85

Simponi targets only the moderate to severe ulcerative colitis subgroup 87

Company experience boosts commercial attractiveness, but arbitration between Johnson & Johnson and Schering-Plough is concerning 87

Satisfaction of unmet needs 87

Forecasts to 2019 89

TNF-kinoid (debio0512; Neovacs) 91

Key early-stage and preclinical compounds in TNF inhibitors 91

6. Pipeline Analysis & Forecasts: Corticosteroids 93

Key findings 93

Overview for corticosteroids 94

Pipeline summary 94

Budesonide MMX (Cosmo/Ferring/Santarus) 94

Drug overview 94

Drug profile 95

Clinical trial data 95

Phase III studies 95

SWOT analysis 98

Datamonitor drug assessment summary for Budesonide MMX 99

Clinical and commercial attractiveness 101

MMX delivery system sets Budesonide MMX apart from other corticosteroids 101

Potential for Budesonide MMX as first-line ulcerative colitis therapy, but more data needed 103

Commercial potential for Budesonide MMX in the European market 103

Satisfaction of unmet needs 104

Forecasts to 2019 105

Other drugs in the corticosteroid class 108

COLAL-PRED (prednisolone sodium metasulfobenzoate) 108

Key preclinical compound in corticosteroids 110

7. Pipeline Analysis & Forecasts: Integrin inhibitors 111

Key findings 111

Overview for integrin inhibitors 112

Pipeline summary 112

Comparative forecasts 112

Vedolizumab (MLN0002; (Takeda/Millennium Pharmaceuticals) 114

Drug overview 114

Drug profile 114

Clinical trial data 115

Phase III studies: GEMINI studies 115

SWOT analysis 118

Datamonitor drug assessment summary for vedolizumab 118

Clinical and commercial attractiveness 120

Targeting both Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis boosts patient potential 120

Safety profile negatively impacts on clinical attractiveness 122

Takeda has available resources, but lacks experience in inflammatory bowel disease 122

Satisfaction of unmet needs 122

Forecasts to 2019 125

AJM300 (Ajinomoto) 128

Drug overview 128

Drug profile 128

Clinical trial data 128

SWOT analysis 130

Datamonitor drug assessment summary for AJM300 130

Clinical and commercial attractiveness 132

Large patient potential as both Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis are targeted 132

Ajinomoto gaining inflammatory bowel disease market experience 134

Satisfaction of unmet needs 134

Forecasts to 2019 136

Key early-stage and preclinical compounds in integrin inhibitors 138

8. Pipeline Analysis & Forecasts: Other cytokine targets 139

Key findings 139

Overview for cytokine targets 140

Pipeline summary 140

Comparative forecasts 140

Stelara (ustekinumab; Centocor Ortho Biotech/Janssen-Cilag) 142

Drug overview 142

Drug profile 142

Clinical trial data 143

SWOT analysis 145

Datamonitor drug assessment summary for Stelara (ustekinumab) 146

Clinical and commercial attractiveness 148

Formulation strategy remains unclear 148

Potential for ustekinumab in anti-TNF failure or biologics setting 149

Company experience in the autoimmune area 149

Satisfaction of unmet needs 150

Forecasts to 2019 151

GSK1605786 (formerly Traficet-EN, CCX282; ChemoCentryx/GlaxoSmithKline) 153

Drug overview 153

Drug profile 154

Clinical data 154

PROTECT-1: maintenance phase of trial shows positive data 155

PROTECT-1: induction phase of study 157

Phase II trial data 159

SWOT analysis 159

Datamonitor drug assessment summary for GSK1605786 (Traficet-EN) 160

Clinical and commercial attractiveness 162

Positive Phase II/III shows more definitive data on remission but dosing issues need to be resolved 162

Commercial potential boosted by GlaxoSmithKline’s resources, but the company lacks IBD experience 164

First-in-class for Crohn’s disease as an alternative to immunosuppressants 164

ChemoCentryx is also developing CCX025, a potential back-up to GSK1605786 164

Potential for future indication expansion into ulcerative colitis 164

Satisfaction of unmet needs 164

Forecasts to 2019 165

ABT-874 (briakinumab; Abbott) 167

AIN457 (Novartis) 169

AG011 (ActoGeniX) 169

STA5326 (apilimod mesylate; Synta Pharmaceuticals) 170

MDX-1100 (Bristol Myers Squibb) 170

Late-stage development compounds recently discontinued 171

Simulect (Basiliximab BSX; Cerimon Pharmaceuticals) 171

Rebif (interferon-beta-1a; Merck Serono) 171

Key early-stage and preclinical compounds in other cytokine targets 172

9. Pipeline Analysis & Forecasts: Others 173

Key findings 173

Overview for other drugs 173

Pipeline summary 173

LMW Heparin MMX (CB-01-05-MMX, parnaparin sodium; Cosmo Pharmaceuticals) 175

Drug overview 175

Drug profile 176

Clinical trial data 176

SWOT analysis 178

Datamonitor drug assessment summary for LMW Heparin MMX 179

Clinical and commercial attractiveness 181

Large patient potential as LMW Heparin MMX targets mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis 181

Cosmo has some market experience in ulcerative colitis 182

Promising initial clinical data support clinical attractiveness 182

Satisfaction of unmet needs 182

Forecasts to 2019 184

Prochymal (Osiris Therapeutics/Genzyme) 185

Drug overview 185

Drug profile 186

Clinical trial data 186

Phase III Crohn’s disease study enrollment discontinued, but strong partnership with Genzyme 188

Alicaforsen sodium (AP1431, AP1451, AP1007; Atlantic Healthcare) 189

Drug overview 189

Clinical data 190

Other drugs 190

Tasocitinib (CP-690550; Pfizer) 190

Tetomilast (OPC6535; Otsuka Pharmaceuticals) 193

LT-02 (Lipid Therapeutics) 194

HMPL004 (Hutchison MediPharma) 195

Dersalazine sodium (UR-12715; Palau Pharma) 196

Late-stage development compounds recently discontinued 196

Orencia (abatacept; Bristol-Myers Squibb) 196

Drug overview 196

Drug profile 197

Clinical trial data 197

Phase III Crohn’s disease study 197

Phase III ulcerative colitis study 200

Clinical program of abatacept for inflammatory bowel disease comes to an end 202

Visilizumab (HuM291; PDL BioPharma) 202

Key early-stage compounds in others 203

10. Innovative Early-Stage Approaches 206

Key findings 206

Overview of early-stage innovative projects 207

Toll-like receptors- promising preclinical target 207

Interleukin 6 – preclinical models suggest potential in inflammatory bowel disease 208

Targeting IL-6 five or more years away in inflammatory bowel disease 210

Interleukin 10 -potential target for inflammatory bowel disease 211

Early-stage inflammatory bowel disease pipeline is diverse 211

The future of treatment in inflammatory bowel disease 211

Bibliography 214

Journals 214

Websites 224

Datamonitor reports 230

APPENDIX 231

Methodology 231

Datamonitor forecast methodology 231

Product forecasts 231

Derivation of sales forecasts and pricing trends 231

Exchange rates 231

Definition of a standard unit 232

Datamonitor drug assessment scorecard 232

Contributing experts 233

About Datamonitor 234

About Datamonitor Healthcare 234

About the Disease analysis team 234

Datamonitor consulting 235

Disclaimer 237

Introduction

 

Coronary artery disease (CAD) remains the principal cause of death in most countries, despite significant preventive and therapeutic advances. It has many known risk factors like, Hypertension, Hyperlipidemia, Diabetes mellitus, Positive Family history, Smoking and so on. But many

conditions increase risk of CAD yet, through atherosclerosis (1,3).

Recent studies illustrate the existence of a relation between periodontal disorders and coronary artery disease, which power the probable effect of periodontal disease as a risk factor for(CAD(4 and 5).Otherwise another were experienced insignificant relation between (CAD) and periodentitis(8-10). Periodontitis is associated with endotoxemia, leakage of lipopolysaccharides ( LPS )deriving from periodontal pathogens into circulation(4,20). LPS is one of the potent stimulators of systemic inflammation and intima wall macrophage-derived foam cell formation, and therefore it is considered a proatherogenic compound,

through the response to increasing levels of acute phase proteins (CRP) (7, 8 and 9) .

Also recent epidemiologic studies show that  high CRP as a risk factor is considered for cardiovascular events (10). Also, an intervention study statement on whether the treatment of gingival inflammation (periodentitis) leads to reduced CHD mortality is not done (6).

Patients and Methods

A cohort study was done on 152 patients referring to Mazandaran Heart Center in North of Iran between 2008-2009. Inclusion criteria: Age over the 40 years who’s Coronary artery disease as defined by previous or current detection of 50% stenosis of a main coronary artery by coronary angiography .Or no significant stenosis of coronary artery.

Exclusion criteria: Diabetic, Periodontal treatment and/or antibiotic therapy during the last 6 months, Pregnancy, Current alcohol or drug abuse, or psychological reasons that make study participation impractical

Drugs which are potential causal for gingival hyperplasia such as (Hydantoin, Nifedipine, Cyclosporin A, and other)

The people studied divided in two groups by coronary angiography results.. Demographic information were derived from questions asked during the interviewed to age, sex, literacy level, weight, LDL and HDL, exercise, , smoking, blood pressure for all the two groups. Then a periodontal examination was done (by general dentist and periodontitis) for all participants of the study, who was unaware from the result of patient’s angiography.

Coronary artery disease defined by stenosis  more than 50% lumen in at least one coronary artery in angiography .Periodontal disease is an inflammatory disease of tissues or teeth holder tissue that gradually causes the destruction of tissues and loss of teeth.
Clinical periodontal examination included measuring plaque (plaque terms), bleeding on examination with the probe (Barnett bleeding indexes), Probing packet depth at the mesial  , distal, Bucal, Palatal or Lingual surface of all teeth except the third molar has been done

and CAL (Clinical Attachment Level) was calculated.

Plaques were recorded according to Silness & loe index.  Plaque depth measuring, the entrance depth of probe in longitudinal axis of tooth and also CAL as mm is registered and the number of teeth remaining were recorded.

Plaque index (Silness & loe): accumulation of debries in gingival margins of tooth that is determined with the scale of 0 to 3.

0 = No plaque

1 =A film of plaque adhering to the free gingival margin and adjacent area of the tooth. The plaque may be observed in situ only after application of a disclosing solution or by using a probe on the tooth surface.

2 = moderate accumulation of soft deposits within gingival pocket, or on the tooth and gingival margin, that can be seen with the naked eye.

3 = an abundance of soft matter within the gingival pocket, on the tooth and gingival margin, in all these areas.

Modified papillary Bleeding Index (Barnett) bleeding after the probing of gums sulcus bleeding gums, diffuse marginal inflammation, and swollen red papillae is determined with  the  Scale of zero to 3   :

Zero: the lack of bleeding after 30 seconds

One: bleeding after 30 seconds

Two: bleeding 2 to 30 seconds

Three: bleeding less than 2 seconds

Gingival groove depth: Shallow crevice or space around the tooth bounded by the surface of the tooth on one side and the epithelium lining the free margin of the gingiva on the other, V shaped. Sulcus depth can be measured by a periodontal probe.Histologic depth  is about 1.8mm,probing depth is2-3 mm.

Table 1 – distribution of people with coronary heart disease and without coronary heart disease according to gender

 

CHD

 

 

 

 

Gender

 

Patients With CHD (percent)

 

 

Patients Without CHD(percent)

 

 

Total

 

 

 

Male

 

 

37

(44.6)

 

 

46

(55.4)

 

 

83

 

 

Women

 

 

39

(56.5)

 

 

30

(43.5)

 

 

69

 

 

Illiterate or elementary

 

 

51

(67.1)

 

 

25

(32.9)

 

 

76

 

 

Guidance school

 

10

(43.5)

 

 

13

(56.5)

 

 

23

 

 

High School

 

 

11

(44)

 

 

14

(56)

 

 

25

 

 

Higher diploma

 

 

4

(14.3)

 

 

24

(85.7)

 

 

28

 

 

 

Clinical Attachment Level: The amount of space between attached periodontal tissues and a fixed point, usually the cement enamel junction.

A measurement used to assess the stability of attachment as part of a periodontal maintenance program.

Statistical significance was set at 0.05, and the unit of analysiswas the person.. Bivariate relationships were assessed by t tests or Kolmogorov-Smirnovtests for continuous variables and Cochran Mantel-Haenszel 2 statistics and odds ratios and 95% CIs for categoricalvariables.. Potential confounders were basedon the literature and our previous findings on the relationshipbetween clinical periodontal disease and CAD. (13-20).

Result

152 patients were included in this study.

There were 54.6% (83)men and the 45.4% (69) were female. The mean age for case group was 51.1+/-7.3(mean+/-SD) and 51.3+/-10.3 years for

control group. In male participants, 37 patients (44.6%) had coronary artery disease and among women 39 cases (56.5%) had CAD, which sex difference was not significant  (p= 0.96) (Table 1).

The level of education and physical activity , has contrary effect on CAD and this difference was statistically significant (p <0.05). (Table 2,)

 

Table 6 – distribution of people with coronary heart disease and coronary heart disease based on GI.

 

 

CHD

GI

 

Number of people

With CHD (percent)

 

 

Number of people

Without CHD

(percent)

 

 

Total

 

 

Score 0

0

(0)

 

13

(100)

 

13

 

 

Score 1

 

5

(19.2)

 

21

(80.8)

 

 

 

26

 

 

 

Score 2

 

31

(55.4)

 

25

(44.6)

 

 

56

 

 

Score 3

 

40

(70.2)

 

17

(29.8)

 

 

57

 

 

Other risk factors comparable  hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and smoking were higher significantly in CAD group than the other group one (p <0.05) (table 3,4,5).The level of physical activity in patients with CAD is significant less than other group.(table 2)

 

Mean BMI in patients without coronary artery disease is 25.72±2.95 and the mean BMI in people with CAD are30.29±5.34 that this relationship is statistically significant (P <0.05) .

 

Table 2 – Distribution of people with coronary heart disease and without coronary heart disease according to sport

 

 

CHD

 

 

 

Exercise

 

Number of people

With CHD (percent)

 

 

Number of people

Without CHD

(percent)

 

 

Total

 

 

Loss of

Physical

Activity

 

66

(73.3)

 

 

24

(26.7)

 

 

90

Regular exercise

 

1

(3)

 

 

32

(97)

 

 

33

 

Irregular exercise

 

9

(31)

 

 

20

(69)

 

 

29

 

Table 3 – distribution of people with coronary heart disease without coronary heart disease by smoking

CHD

 

 

 

 

Cigarettes

 

Patients With CHD (percent)

 

 

Patients Without CHD

(percent)

 

 

Total

 

 

Smoking

 

 

32

(80)

 

 

8

(20)

 

 

 

40

 

 

 

Non-smoking

 

 

44

(39.3)

 

 

68

(60.7)

 

 

112

 

 

Table 4 – distribution of people with coronary heart disease without coronary heart disease based on HPL

 

CHD

 

 

 

Hyperlipidemi(TC,LDL)

 

Number of people

With CHD (percent)

 

 

Number of people

Without CHD

(percent)

 

 

Total

 

 

TC>250

LDL>180

 

 

34

(77.3)

 

10

(22.7)

 

44

 

TC<250

LDL<180

 

42

(38.9)

 

66

(61.1)

 

 

108

 

 

Table 5 – distribution of people with coronary heart disease without coronary heart disease based on history of hypertension

 

 

 

Heart   disease

 

 

 

 

Hypertension

 

Number of people

With heart disease (percent)

 

 

Number of people

Without heart disease

(percent)

 

 

Total

 

 

History of hypertension

 

 

 

51

(85)

 

 

9

(15)

 

 

60

 

 

Without History of hypertension

 

 

25

(27.2)

 

 

67

(72.8)

 

 

92

 

 

The gingival index( GI) average was higher in patients with CAD (70.2%) than control group(29.8%) ,as like Bleeding index(BI) and this difference is statistically significant. (P <0.05) (Table 6,7)

 

The relationship between Entrance depth of

probe and CAD was not statistically significant. P = 0.5 (Table 9)

Table 7 – Distribution individuals with coronary heart disease and coronary heart disease according to Index of bleeding

 

Heart      disease

 

 

Bleeding index

 

Number of people

With CHD (percent)

 

 

Number of people

Without CHD

(percent)

 

 

Total

 

 

Score 0

7

(28)

 

18

(72)

 

 

25

 

Score 1

 

17

(47.2)

 

19

(52.8)

 

 

36

 

Score 2

 

31

(59.6)

 

21

(40.46)

 

 

52

 

Score 3

 

21

(53.8)

 

18

(46.2)

 

 

39

 

 

 

 

 

 

Measurement of clinical attachment level more likely reflects periodontal disease. The statistically significant difference was found in the clinical attachment level

(p<0.005), where a higher mean value was in patients with coronary artery disease

(53.8%) compared with patients

without CAD (46.2%).(Table 10)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 8- Distribution of individuals with coronary heart disease without coronary heart disease based on depth of Probe entrance

 

 

 

Heart        disease

 

 

Entrance depth of probe

 

Number of people

With CHD (percent)

 

 

Number of people

Without CHD

(percent)

 

 

Total

 

 

2 mm

 

8

(40)

 

 

12

(60)

 

 

20

 

 

3 mm

20

(45.5)

 

24

(54.5)

 

 

44

 

 

4 mm

14

(41.2)

 

20

(58.8)

 

 

34

 

 

5 mm

6

(54.5)

5

(45.5)

 

 

11

 

 

6 mm

9

(81.8)

 

2

(18.2)

 

 

11

 

 

7 mm

13

(65)

 

7

(35)

 

 

20

 

 

8 mm

6

(50)

 

6

(50)

 

 

12

 

 

Table 9 – Distribution of individuals with coronary heart disease and without coronary heart disease based on the amount of clinical adhesion.

 

 

CAL

 

clinical attachment

Number of people

With CHD (percent)

 

Number of people

Without CHD

(percent)

 

Total

 

1 mm

0

(0)

1

(100)

 

 

1

 

 

2 mm

10

(43.5)

13

(56.5)

 

 

23

 

 

3 mm

20

(37)

34

(63)

 

 

54

 

 

4 mm

16

(61.5)

10

(38.5)

 

 

26

 

 

5 mm

15

(65.2)

8

(34.8)

 

 

23

 

6 mm

10

(58.8)

7

(41.2)

 

 

17

 

 

 

Coefficient of plaque index with entrance depth of Probe is 0.659 that is statistically significant (P <0.05)
Coefficient of  plaque index with clinical adhesion rate is 0.664 that is statistically significant (p<0.05)
Coefficient of bleeding index with entrance depth of probe is 0.685 that is statistically significant (p<0.05)
Coefficient of bleeding index with clinical adhesion rate is 0.686 that is  statistically significant (p<0.05)
coefficient of entrance depth of probe with clinical adhesion rate is 0.894 that is statistically significant (p<0.05) .

 

Conclusion

This study suggests a possible association between Periodontitis and CAD.

Since 3 main indices out of 4 indices for periodontal diseases such as swollen red papillae, bleeding gums, or diffuse marginalinflammation, correlated with increased risk of coronary artery disease in our research and most other studies, periodontal disease may be regarded as an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease.

 

 

Discussion

The present study demonstrated higher abnormal Periodontal Indices in patients with coronary artery disease than normal groups as independent risk factor.

Several theories exist to explain the link between periodontal disease and heart disease. One theory is that oral bacteria can affect the heart when they enter the blood stream, attaching to fatty plaques in the coronary arteries (heart blood vessels) and contributing to clot formation. Coronary artery disease is characterized by a thickening of the walls of the coronary arteries due to the buildup of fatty proteins. Blood clots can obstruct normal blood flow, restricting the amount of nutrients and oxygen required for the heart to function properly. This may lead to heart attacks.

Another possibility is that the inflammation caused by periodontal disease increases plaque build up, which may contribute to swelling of the arteries.

Researchers have found that people with periodontal disease are almost twice as likely to suffer from coronary artery disease as those without periodontal disease. (American Academy of periodontology,5)

The association between periodontitis and  CAD may be because of common risk factors such as smoking,diabet,male gender and socioeconomic factors ,but there is also good evidence of  periodontitis being an independent risk factor for CAD.(2,15)  Furthermore, periodontal pathogens have been identified in early as well as advanced atherosclerotic lesions. (16) There is also some evidence that periodontitis is associated with increased plasma concentrations of pro-atherogenic Lipoproteins (17, 18). A study done by Buhlin K. And colleagues on the Range 143 women aged 43 to 79 years of age with CAD as a case group and 50 women 45 to 77 years old without CAD. OPG (Orthopanogram) were obtained for all patients and they were matched as viewpoints of other risk factors. The result of this study was, the women with CAD had lower oral and dental health conditions than women without CAD and there has been a significant relationship between periodontal disease and CAD. (19,20)

However multivariableanalyses indicate that periodontal status is not significantlyassociated with CHD in either ever smokers or never smokers.

 

Clinical signs of periodontal disease werenot associated with CAD, whereas systemic antibody responsewas associated with CAD in ever smokers and never smokers. Thesefindings indicate that the quality and quantity of the hostresponse to oral bacteria may be an exposure more relevant tosystemic atherothrombotic coronary events than clinical measures.(21)

 

 

References

[1] Wood,D MS,FRCP,FRCPE,FPHM,FESC,et al,.Established and emerging Cardiovascular risk factors. A H J ,2001 Vol; 141,Num,2, S49-S57.

[2] Raquel Boix Martíneza; Javier Almazán Islaa; Ma José Medrano Alberoa. Mortalidad por insuficiencia cardíaca en España, 1977-1998. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2002 Mar;Vol:55,Num.3:219-26. RRRRRrR2002

[3] Wilson PW, DAgostino RB, levy D, Belanger AM, Silbershatz H, Kannel WB. Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories Circulation 1998 May 12; 97(18): 1837-47.

[4] Beck J, Garicia R, Heiss G,Vokonas PS,Offenbacher S. Periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease.J Periodontal .1996 Oct; 67:1123-37.

[5]Loesche WJ, Schork A, Terpenning MS,Chen YM, ,Kerr C,Dominguez BL. The relation ship between dental disease and cerebral vascular accident in elderly United States veterans. Ann Periodontal 1998Jul; 3(1):161-74.

[6] Hujoel, PP..Does chronic periodontitis cause coronary heart disease? A review of the literature. J Am Dental Assoc. 2002 Vol 133,No suppl._1, 31S- 36S.

[7] Offenbacher S.Beck JD.A Perspective on the potential cardio protective benefits of periodontal therapy. Am Heart J. 2005 Jun; 149(6): 950-4.

[8] Renvert S, Pettersson T, Ohlsson O, Persson GR. Bacterial profile and burden of periodontal infection in subjects with a diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome. J Periodontal. 2006 Jul; 77(7):1110-9

[9] Spahr A.,Klein E,Khuseyinova N,Boeckh C,Muche R,Kunze M,Rothenbacher D,Pezeshki G,Hoffmeister A,Koenig W. Periodontal infections and coronary heart disease: role of periodontal bacteria and importance of total pathogen burden in the Coronary Event and Periodontal disease (CORODONT) study. Arch Intern Med. 2006 Mar 13; 166(5): 554-9.

[10] Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Rifai N. C- reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2000 Mar 23; 342(12):836-43.

[11] DeStefano F., Anda R.F., Kahn, H.S.,   Willamson, D.F. Russell CM .Dental disease and risk of coronary heart disease and mortality. BMJ. 1993 Mar 13; 306(6879): 688-91.

[12] Hujoel PP, Drangsholt M., Spiekerman C. DeRouen, T.A.Periodontal disease and coronary heart disease risk. JAMA. 2000 Sep 20; 284(11), 1406-10.

[13] Hujoel PP, Drangsholt M.., Spiekerman C. DeRouen, TA. Pre-existing cardiovascular disease and periodontitis: a follow-up study. Juornal of dental Research 2002 Mar; 81(3): 186-91.

[14] Wu T., Trevisan M., Genco R., Dorn J et al,.Periodontal disease and risk of cerebrovascular disease: the first national health and nutrition examination survey and its fallow up study. Arch Intern Med. 2000 Oct 9;Vol: 160 (18), 2749-55.

[15] Janket SJ., Baird AE., Chuang SK., Jones JA. Meta- analysis of periodontal disease and risk of coronary heart disease and storke. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2003 May; 95(5):559-69.

[16] Madianos PN., Bobetsis GA., Kinane DF. Is Periodontitis with an increased risk of coronary heart disease and preterm and/ or low birth weight births? J Clin Periodontal 2002; 29 Suppl 3:22-36.

[17] Silness J., Loe H.. Periodental Disease in Pregnancy: II.Correlation Between Oral Hygiene and Periodontal Condition. Acta Odontol Scand 1964 Feb; 22:121-35.

[18] Brigg JE.,.Mckeown.PP, Crawtord.VL,.Woodside.JV,.Stout.RW, Evans.A, and,.Linden GJ. Angiographically confirmed coronary heart disease and periodontal disease in middle-Aged Males. J Periodontal, 2006 Jan; 77(1):95-102.

[19] Buhlin K., Gustafsson A., Ahnve S., Janszky I., Tabrizi F., Klinge B., Oral Health in Woman With Coronary Heart disease. J Periodontology 2005 Apr;Vol. 76 ,N(4),Page: 544-50.

[20] Lopez R., Oyarzun M., Naranjo C., Cumsille F., Ortiz M., Baelum V. Coronary hearth disease and periodontitis- a case control study in Chilean adults, JClin Periodontal 2002 May; 29(5): 468-73

[20] Ozlem Fentoglu ,F.Yesim ,Bozkurt,

The Bi_Directional Relationship between

Periodontal Disease and Hyperlipidemia,

Eur.J.Dent.2008 Apr;2:142-146

[21] James D. Beck, PhD; Paul Eke, PhD, MPH, PhD; Gerardo Heiss, MD, MPH, PhD; Phoebus Madianos, DDS, PhD; David Couper, PhD; Dongming Lin, MS; Kevin Moss, AS; John Elter, DMD, PhD; Steven Offenbacher, DDS, PhD, MMSc Periodontal Disease and Coronary Heart Disease, Circulation. 2005;112:19-24

Related Diseases Articles

UK – London – Bloomsbury: British Museum – Disease, War, Famine and Death

Image by wallyg
Disease, War, Famine and Death
From The Atomic Apolaypse by the Linares family
Mexico City, Mexico, 1983
The Mexican Day of the Dead

These figures depict the four horseman of the Apocalypse–Disease, War, Famine and Death–described in the passages of the Bible that predict the end of the world. These are great troubles that all nations suffer. This exhibition discusses some of the ways in which people around the world manage their lives, and the lives of their communities, to prevent and cope with large- and small-scale misfortunes.

The figures were made by the Linares family, working in the Mexican Day of the Dead tradition. This celebrtation of All Saints’ and All Souls’Days at the beginning of November commemorates the dead in an elaborate festival. Printed images, paper stencils, and papier-mache figures are all used to depict death during the festival.

***
This sculpture is part of the the Living and Dying exhibit in the The Wellcome Trust Gallery of the British Museum. The Wellcome Trust Gallery offers a fresh perspective on the collections of the British Museum. It houses a series of long term exhibitions each with a focus on life’s challenges as they the human race – from any cultural background. Living and dying is the first of these. It looks at how people around the world deal with the tough realities of life, averting or confronting trouble, sorrow, need and sickness. What we find is not an unremittingly solemn response, still less a single strategy for dealing with such realities. The understanding of causes and symptoms, the ways we find of coping, and the objects we make in the process, are creative and inspiring.

Beside cancer, heart disease kills more than 2,000 Americans everyday. Approximately 60 million Americans have heart disease.

I. Causes of Heart Diseases
There are many causes of heart diseases. Most of heart diseases are caused by high blood pressure contributes to hardening of the arteries. High levels of bad cholesterol (LDL) build up in the arteries as a result of uncontrolled diet with high levels of saturated fat and trans fat. All these add to the formation of atherosclerosis lesions and eventually arterial blockage or anything that serves to damage the inner lining of blood vessels and impedes the transportation of oxygen and nutrition to the heart can be defined as a risk of heart disease.

II Symptoms of Heart diseases

Beside cancer, heart disease kills more than 2,000 Americans everyday. Approximately 60 million Americans have heart disease. There are many causes of heart disease. Anything that serves to damage the inner lining of blood vessels and impedes the transportation of oxygen and nutrition to the heart can be defined as a risk of heart disease. Here are some early indication of heart disease symptoms:

1. Leg cramps during walking
Leg cramps during exercise might be caused by dehydration. It is important to drink a lot of fluid during exercise. Leg cramps occur when the muscle suddenly and forcefully contracts. The most common muscles to contract in this manner are muscles that cross two joints. Leg cramps during walking might be an indication of heart disease caused by arteries in your leg being clogged up by cholesterol in result of not enough oxygen being delivered to the cells in your leg. If this symptom persists, please consult with your doctor.

2. Chest pain
Chest pain is caused by blood vessels in the heart temporarily being blocked up. It is also caused by inadequate oxygen supply to the heart muscle or coronary . The persistence of chest pain would be an early indication of heart diseases.

3. Shortness of breath
Shortness of breath (dyspnea) is the major symptom of the left ventricular insufficiency. People with shortness of breath are four times more likely to die from a heart disease related cause than individuals without any symptoms.

4. Headaches
People see sparkling zigzag lines or loss of vision before a migraine attack may be at particular risk of future cardiovascular problems. Generally headaches do not cause heart diseases but a sudden, explosive onset of great pain might be.

5. Dizziness
Dizziness can have many causes including low blood count, low iron in the blood stream and other blood disorders, dehydration, and viral illnesses. Since there are many different conditions that can produce these symptoms, anybody experiencing episodes of severe headaches or dizziness ought to be checked by your doctor.

6. Palpitations
Palpitations is an extremely common symptom of heart disease. Palpitations are skips in the heart beats and irregular heart beats.

7. Loss of consciousness
It is a common symptom, most people pass out at least once in their lives. However, sometimes loss of consciousness indicates a dangerous or even life-threatening condition such as heart disease so when loss of consciousness occurs it is important to figure out the cause.

There are many more symptoms such as fatigue, memory defects, and changes in skin tone and temperature.

III. Types of Heart Diseases

The heart is a four chambered, hollow muscle and double acting pump that is located in the chest between the lungs. Heart diseases caused by high blood pressure contributes to hardening of the arteries. High levels of bad cholesterol (LDL) build up in the arteries as a result of uncontrolled diet with high levels of saturated fat and trans fat. All these add to the formation of atherosclerosis lesions and eventually arterial blockage.
There are some major types of heart diseases:

1. Type of heart disease affecting heart chambers
As we mention in the previous article, the heart is a four chambered hollow muscle and double acting pump that is located in the chest between the lungs. Heart diseases caused by high blood pressure contributes to hardening of the arteries. High levels of bad cholesterol (LDL) build up in the arteries as a result of uncontrolled diet with high levels of saturated fat and trans fat. All these add to the formation of atherosclerosis lesions and eventually arterial blockage.
In this article, we will discuss heart disease affecting the heart chambers.

Heart failure is caused by the heart not pumping as much blood as it should and so the body does not get as much blood and oxygen that it needs. The malfunctioning of the heart chambers are due to damage caused by narrowed or blocked arteries leading to the muscle of your heart.

There are 4 heart chambers as follow:

* The right atrium
* The left atrium
* The right ventricle
* The left ventricle.

Heart diseases affect the heart chambers include:

A. Congestive heart failure
Heart failure is caused by the heart not pumping as much blood as it should and so the body does not get as much blood and oxygen that it needs. The malfunctioning of the heart chambers are due to damage caused by narrowed or blocked arteries leading to the muscle of your heart.

a) Diastolic dysfunction:
The contraction function is normal but there’s impaired relaxation of the heart, impairing its ability to fill with blood causing the blood returning to the heart to accumulate in the lungs or veins.

b) Systolic dysfunction:
The relaxing function is normal but there’s impaired contraction of the heart causing the heart to not pump out as much blood that is returned to it as it normally does as a result of more blood remaining in the lower chambers of the heart.

B. Pulmonary heart disease
Pulmonary heart disease is caused by an enlarged right ventricle. It is known as heart disease resulting from a lung disorder where the blood flowing into the lungs is slowed or blocked causing increased lung pressure. The right side of the heart has to pump harder to push against the increased pressure and this can lead to enlargement of the right ventricle.

2. Heart Disease affecting heart muscles
In the case of heart diseases affecting heart muscles, the heart muscles are stiff, increasing the amount of pressure required to expand for blood to flow into the heart or the narrowing of the passage as a result of obstructing blood flow out of the heart.
Heart diseases affecting heart muscles include:

1. Cardiomyopathy
Heart muscle becomes inflamed and doesn’t work as well as it should. There may be multiple causes such as high blood pressure, heart valve disease, artery diseases or congenital heart defects.

a) Dilated cardiomyopathy
The heart cavity is enlarged and stretched. Blood flows more slowly through an enlarged heart, causing formation of blood clots as a result of clots sticking to the inner lining of the heart, breaking off the right ventricle into the pulmonary circulation in the lung or being dislodged and carried into the body’s circulation to form emboli .

b) Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
The wall between the two ventricles becomes enlarged, obstructing the blood flow from the left ventricle. Sometimes the thickened wall distorts one leaflet of the mitral valve, causing it to leak. The symptoms of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy include shortness of breath, dizziness, fainting and angina pectoris.

c) Restrictive cardiomyopathy
The ventricles becomes excessively rigid, so it’s harder for the ventricles to fill with blood between heartbeats. The symptoms of restrictive cardiomyopathy include shortness of breath, swollen hands and feet.

2. Myocarditis Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscles or the weaken of the heart muscles. The symptoms of myocarditis include fever, chest pains, congestive heart failure and palpitation.

3. Heart disease affecting heart valves
Heart diseases affecting heart valves occur when the mitral valve in the heart narrows, causing the heart to work harder to pump blood from the left atrium into the ventricle.

Here are some types of heart disease affecting heart valves:
1. Mitral Stenosis
Mitral Stenosis is a heart valve disorder that involves a narrowing or blockage of the opening of the mitral valve causing the volume and pressure of blood in the left atrium increases.

2. Mitral valves regurgitation
Mitral regurgitation is the heart disease in which your heart’s mitral valve doesn’t close tightly causing the blood to be unable to move through the heart efficiently. Symptoms of mitral valve regurgitation are fatigue and shortness of breath.

3. Mitral valves prolapse
In mitral valve prolapse, one or both leaflets of the valve are too large resulting in uneven closure of the valve during each heartbeat. Symptoms of mitral valves prolapse are palpitation, shortness of breath, dizzy, fatigue and chest pains.

4. Aortic Stenosis
With aging, protein collagen of the valve leaflets are destroyed and calcium is deposited on the leaflets causing scarring, thickening, and stenosis of the valve therefore increasing the wear and tear on the valve leaflets resulting in the symptoms and heart problems of aortic stenosis.

5. Aortic regurgitation
Aortic regurgitation is the leaking of the aortic valve of the heart that causes blood to flow in the reverse direction during ventricular diastole, from the aorta into the left ventricle. Symptoms of aortic regurgitation include fatigue or weakness, shortness of breath, chest pain, palpitation and irregular heart beats.

6. Tricuspid stenosis
Tricuspid stenosis is the narrowing of the orifice of the tricuspid valve of the heart causing increased resistance to blood flow through the valve. Symptoms of tricuspid stenosis include fatigue, enlarged liver, abdominal swelling, neck discomfort and leg and ankle swelling.

7. Tricuspid regurgitation.
Tricuspid regurgitation is the failure of the right ventricular causing blood to leak back through the tricuspid valve from the right ventricle into the right atrium of the heart. Symptoms of tricuspid regurgitation include leg and ankle swelling and swelling in the abdomen.

4. Heart disease affecting coronary arteries and coronary veins
Heart disease affecting coronary arteries and coronary veins:
The malfunctioning of the heart may be due to damage caused by narrowed or blocked arteries leading to the muscle of your heart as well as blood backing up in the veins. Types of heart disease that affect the coronary arteries and veins include:

A. Angina pectoris
Angina pectoris occurs when the heart muscle doesn’t get as much blood oxygen as it needs. Here are 3 types of angina pectoris:
a) Stable angina
Stable angina is chest pain or discomfort that typically occurs with activity or stress due to oxygen deficiency in the blood muscles and usually follows a predictable pattern. Symptom of stable angina include chest pain, tightness, pressure, indigestion feeling and pain in the upper neck and arm.

b) Unstable angina
Unstable angina is caused by blockage of the blood flow to the heart. Without blood and the oxygen, part of the heart starts to die. Symptoms of unstable angina include pain spread down the left shoulder and arm to the back, jaw, neck, or right arm, discomfort of chest and chest pressure.

c) Variant angina also known as coronary artery spasm
Caused by the narrowing of the coronary arteries. This is caused by the contraction of the smooth muscle tissue in the vessel walls. Symptoms of variant angina include increasing of heart rate, pressure and chest pain.

B. Heart attacks known as myocardial infarction or MI
Heart attacks caused by plaque rupture with thrombus formation in a coronary vessel, resulting in an acute reduction of blood supply to a portion of the myocardium. Symptoms of MI include a squeezing sensation of the chest, sweating, nausea and vomiting, upper back pain and arm pain.

C. Heart disease also known as coronary artery disease or coronary heart disease
Caused by arteries hardening and narrowing, cutting off blood flow to the heart muscle and resulting in heart attack. Symptoms of heart disease include shortness of breath, chest pains on exertion, palpitation, dizziness and fainting.

D. Atherosclerosis or hardening of arteries
Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood to your heart and to other parts of your body. Atherosclerosis is caused by plaques that rupture in result of blood clots that block blood flow or break off and travel to another part of the body. Atherosclerosis has no symptom or warning sign.

E. Silent ischemia.
Ischemia is a condition in which the blood flow is restricted to a part of the body caused by narrowing of heart arteries. Silent ischemia means people have ischemia without pain. There is also no warning sign before heart attack.

5. Heart disease affecting heart lining
Rheumatic heart disease results from inflammation of the heart lining when too much fluid builds up in the lungs leading to pulmonary congestion. It is due to failure of the heart to remove fluid from the lung circulation resulting in shortness of breath, coughing up blood, pale skin and excessive sweating. Heart disease resulting from inflammation of either the endocardium or pericardium is called heart disease affecting heart lining.

Endocardium is the inner layer of the heart. It consists of epithelial tissue and connective tissue. Pericardium is the fluid filled sac that surrounds the heart and the proximal ends of the aorta, vena vava and the pulmonary artery.

1. Endocarditis
Endocarditis, which is an inflammation of the endocardium is caused by bacteria entering the bloodstream and settling on the inside of the heart, usually on the heart valves that consists of epithelial tissue and connective tissue. It is the most common heart disease in people who have a damaged, diseased, or artificial heart valve. Symptoms of endocarditis include fever, chilling, fatigue, aching joint muscles, night sweats, shortness of breath, change in temperature and a persistent cough.

2. Pericardium
Pericarditis is the inflammation of the pericardium. It is caused by infection of the pericardium which is the thin, tough bag-like membrane surrounding the heart. The pericardium also prevents the heart from over expanding when blood volume increases. Symptoms of pericarditis include chest pain, mild fever, weakness, fatigue, coughing, hiccups, and muscle aches.

6. Heart disease affecting electrical system
The electrical system within the heart is responsible for ensuring the heart beats correctly so that blood can be transported to the cells throughout our body. Any malfunction of the electrical system in the heart causes a fast, slow, or irregular heartbeat. The electrical system within the heart is responsible for ensuring that the heart beats correctly so that blood can be transported throughout our the body. Any malfunction of the electrical system in the heart malfunction can cause a fast, slow, or irregular heartbeat.

Types of heart disease that affect the electrical system are known as arrhythmias. They can cause the heart to beat too fast, too slow, or irregularly. These types of heart disease include:

a. Sinus tachycardia
Sinus tachycardia occurs when the sinus rhythm is faster than 100 beats per minute therefore it increases myocardial oxygen demand and reduces coronary blood flow, thus precipitating an ischemia heart or valvular disease.

b. Sinus bradycardia
Sinus bradycardia occurs when a decrease of cardiac output results in regular but unusually slow heart beat less than 60 beats per minute. Symptoms of sinus bradycardia includes a feeling of weightlessness of the head, dizziness, low blood pressure, vertigo, and syncope.

c. Atrial fibrillation
Atrial fibrillation is an irregular heart rhythm that starts in the upper parts (atria) of the heart causing irregular beating between the atria and the lower parts (ventricles) of the heart. The lower parts may beat fast and without a regular rhythm. Symptoms of atrial fibrillation include dizziness, light-headedness, shortness of breath, chest pain and irregular heart beat.

d. Atrial flutter
Atrial flutter is an abnormal heart rhythm that occurs in the atria of the heart causing abnormalities and diseases of the heart. Symptoms of atrial flutter includes shortness of breath, chest pains, anxiety and palpitation.

e. Supraventricular tachycardia
Supraventricular tachycardia is described as rapid heart rate originating above the ventricles, or lower chambers of the heart causing a rapid pulse of 140-250 beats per minute. Symptoms of supraventricular tachycardia include palpitations, light-headedness, and chest pains.

f. Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia
Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia is described as an occasional rapid heart rate. Symptoms can come on suddenly and may go away without treatment. They can last a few minutes or 1-2 days.

g. Ventricular tachycardia
Ventricular tachycardia is described as a fast heart rhythm that originates in one of the ventricles of the heart . This is a potentially life-threatening arrhythmia because it may lead to ventricular fibrillation and/or sudden death. Symptoms of ventricular tachycardia include light headedness, dizziness, fainting, shortness of breath and chest pains.

h.Ventricular fibrillation
Ventricular fibrillation is a condition in which the heart’s electrical activity becomes disordered causing the heart’s lower chambers to contract in a rapid, unsynchronized way resulting in little heart pumps or no blood at all, resulting in death if left untreated after in 5 minutes.

There are many heart diseases affecting electrical system such as premature arterial contractions, wolf parkinson, etc.

7. Congenital heart disease
There are several heart diseases that people are born with. Congenital heart diseases are caused by a persistence in the fetal connection between arterial and venous circulation. Congenital heart diseases affect any part of the heart such as heart muscle, valves, and blood vessels. Congenital heart disease refers to a problem with the heart’s structure and function due to abnormal heart development before birth.Every year over 30,000 babies are born with some type of congenital heart defect in US alone. Congenital heart disease is responsible for more deaths in the first year of life than any other birth defects. Some congenital heart diseases can be treated with medication alone, while others require one or more surgeries.
The causes of congenital heart diseases of newborns at birth may be in result from poorly controlled blood sugar levels in women having diabetes during pregnancy, some hereditary factors that play a role in congenital heart disease, excessive intake of alcohol and side affects of some drugs during pregnancy.
Congenital heart disease is often divided into two types: cyanotic which is caused by a lack of oxygen and non-cyanotic.

A. Cyanotic
Cyanosis is a blue coloration of the skin due to a lack of oxygen generated in blood vessels near the skin surface. It occurs when the oxygen level in the arterial blood falls below 85-90%.
The below lists are the most common of cyanotic congenital heart diseases:
a)Tetralogy of fallot
Tetralogy of fallot is a condition of several congenital defects that occur when the heart does not develop normally. It is the most common cynaotic heart defect and a common cause of blue baby syndrome.

b)Transportation of the great vessels
Transportation of the great vessels is the most common cyanotic congenital heart disease. Transposition of the great vessels is a congenital heart defect in which the 2 major vessels that carry blood away from the aorta and the pulmonary artery of the heart are switched. Symptoms of transportation of the great vessels include blueness of the skin, shortness of breath and poor feeding.

c)Tricuspid atresia
In tricuspid atresia there is no tricuspid valve so no blood can flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle. Symptoms of tricuspid atresia include blue tinge to the skin and lips, shortness of breath, slow growth and poor feeding.

d)Total anomalous pulmonary venous return
Total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR) is a rare congenital heart defect that causes cyanosis or blueness. Symptoms of total anomalous pulmonary venous return include poor feeding, poor growth, respiratory infections and blue skin.

e)Truncus arteriosus
Truncus arteriosus is characterized by a large ventricular septal defect over which a large, single great vessel arises. Symptoms of truncus arteriosus include blue coloring of the skin, poor feeding, poor growth and shortness of breath.
There are many more types of cyanotic such as ebstein’s anomaly, hypoplastic right heart, and hypoplastic left heart. If you need more information please consult with your doctor.

B. Non-cyanotic
Non-cyanotic heart defects are more common because of higher survival rates.
The below lists are the most common of non-cyanotic congenital heart diseases:
a)Ventricular septal defect
Ventricular septal defect is a hole in the wall between the right and left ventricles of the heart causing right and left ventricles to work harder, pumping a greater volume of blood than they normally would in result of failure of the left ventricle. Symptoms of ventricular septal defect include very fast heartbeats, sweating, poor feeding, poor weight gain and pallor.

b)Atrial septal defect
Atrial septal defect is a hole in the wall between the two upper chambers of your heart causing freshly oxygenated blood to flow from the left upper chamber of the heart into the right upper chamber of the heart. Symptoms of atrial septal defect include shortness of breath, fatigue and heart palpitations or skipped beats.

c)Coarctation of aorta
Coarctation of aorta is a narrowing of the aorta between the upper-body artery branches and the branches to the lower body causing your heart to pump harder to force blood through the narrow part of your aorta. Symptoms of coarctation of aorta include pale skin, shortness of breath and heavy sweating.

There are many more types of non-cyanotic such as pulmonic stenosis, patent ductus arteriorus, and atrioventricular cana. These problems may occur alone or together. Most congenital heart diseases occur as an isolated defect and is not associated with other diseases.

8. OtherTypes of Heart Diseases

In this article, we will discuss other types of heart diseases that can affect any part of the heart including the following:

*A cardiac tumor can be either malignant or benign

A) Benign tumors
a. Myxoma
Myxoma is a cardiac benign tumor. It is the most common tumor inside of cavities of the heart and most of them occur in the left atrium of the heart obstructing the normal flow of blood within the chambers of the heart. Symptoms of Myxoma include paroxysmal dyspnea, weight loss, feverhemoptysis, lightheadedness and sudden death.

b. Rhabdomyomas
Most of rhabdomyomas occur in children or infants and are associated with tuberous sclerosis. It develops in the myocardium or the endocardium and accounts for about one out of every five tumors that originate in the heart causing obstruction of blood flow, valvular insufficiency, and cardiac arrhythmias. Symptoms of rhabdomyomas include palpitations, chest pains, shortness of breath, and nausea.

c. Fibromas
Fibromas develop in the myocardium or the endocardium. These tumors are composed of fibrous or connective tissue and tend to occur on the valves of the heart and may be related to inflammation. Other than seeing or feeling the fibroma, there are no usual symptoms.

d. Teratomas of the pericardium
It is often attached to the base of the great vessels, usually occuring in infants. They are rarer than cysts or lipomas, usually causes no symptoms.

B) Malignant tumors
Malignant tumors that originated elsewhere in the body and spread to the heart are more common than ones that originate in the heart. Malignant heart tumors can originate from any heart tissue. They occur mostly in children.

a. Angiosarcomas
Angiosarcomas account for about a third of all malignant heart tumors and usually start on the right side of the heart. The cause of angiosarcomas is usually unknown and symptoms of angiosarcomas differ according to the location of the tumour. Often symptoms of the disease are not apparent until the tumour is well advanced.

b. Fibrosarcomas
Fibrosarcomas occur as a soft-tissue mass or as a primary or secondary bone tumor. The 2 main types of fibrosarcoma of bone are
i) Primary fibrosarcoma is a fibroblastic malignancy that produces variable amounts of collagen
ii) Secondary fibrosarcoma of bone arises from a preexisting lesion or after radiotherapy to an area of bone or soft tissue. Symptoms of fibrosarcomas include broken bone, pain, swelling, lump found under skin or bone, frequent urination and urinary obstruction.

c. Rhabdomyosarcomas
Rhabdomyosarcomas are a cancer made up of cells that normally develop into skeletal muscles of the body and are also more common in children. They usually have some type of chromosome abnormality in the cells of the tumor, which are responsible for the tumor formation. Symptoms of rhabdomyosarcomas include bleeding from the nose, vagina, rectum, throat and tingling, numbness, and pain.

d.) Liposarcomas
Liposarcoma normally appears as a slowly enlarging, painless, nonulcerated submucosal mass in a middle-aged person. Symptoms include palpation, weakness, limitation of motion weight loss, fatigue, and lassitude.

*Sudden cardiac death
The victim may or may not have diagnosis of heart diseases, and the death is totally unexpected. Sudden cardiac death is a result from abrupt loss of heart function. The cause of sudden cardiac dealth might be a result of coronary heart disease.

* Hypertensive heart disease
Hypertensive heart disease are caused by high blood pressure that increases the work load of the heart. Overtime the muscles of the heart become thick in result of an enlarged left ventricle and decreased blood pump from the heart. Symptoms of heart failure include shortness of breath, swelling in the feet, ankles, or abdomen, fatigue, irregular pulse, nausea and frequent urination at night.

IV. Heart Diseases- Prevention and Treatment

There are many causes of heart disease. Anything that serves to damage the inner lining of blood vessels and impedes the transportation of oxygen and nutrition to the heart can be defined as a risk of heart disease. Most heart diseases are preventable with a change of life style and healthy diet.
Unhealthy diet is a major cause of heart diseases resulting in the buildup of cholesterol and fat in the inner wall of arteries that narrows the arteries, impedes the circulation and eventually causes heart attacks.

1. Prevention and Treatment of Heart Disease with Diet

To prevent heart diseases, your daily diet should contain:
a) Fiber
Fiber can be soluble or insoluble. As we mentioned in a previous article, soluble fiber can lower your LDL and raise your HDL cholesterol while insoluble fiber has no effect on cholesterol but promotes regular bowel movements. The intake of fatty foods causes the liver to release bile into the intestines to break down the fat. The soluble fiber will help eliminate the bile instead of returning it to the blood resulting in reduced amounts of cholesterol in the blood.

b) Reduce intake of saturated fat and trans fat
We know that saturated and trans fat are toxins causing cholesterol to build up in the arteries damaging the arterial wall and narrows the arterial passage in result of poor circulation and oxygen transportation to our body in result of high blood pressure as the heart has to work harder than normal in order to provide enough nutrition to the body`s cells. Eventually, the heart will fail and result in heart diseases. It is recommended that you reduce the intake of animal fat and increase the intake of cold water fish which is the best sources of omega 3 and 6 fatty acids that can help your cholesterol levels as well as lowering your blood pressure.

c). Diet high in complex carbohydrates
Vegetables, fruits, some beans and grains contain high amounts of plant pigments known as flavonoids that provide healthy protection against heart diseases. Unfortunately study shows that diets high in complex carbohydrate may increase the release of too much insulin to respond to carbohydrates in the diet. The type and amount of carbohydrate foods may need individual monitoring. Please consult with your doctor if you wish to include high amounts of complex carbohydrates in your diet.

d). Drink half of your body weight of water or juices in ounces
If you weigh 160 pounds then you are require to drink 80 ounces of water or juices to prevent the cells in our body to become dehydrated. Maintaining normal function of our body’s cells is a healthy way to normalize high blood pressure.

2. Prevention and Treatment of Heart Disease with Foods

In order to lower the risk of heart diseases foods consumed in everyday diet become one of many important factors. Here are some foods that I have found can actually lower high blood pressure and levels of cholesterol resulting in lowering the risk of heart diseases

a) Fresh water algae
Fresh water algae contains chlorophyII-rich foods that is a powerful antioxidant for protection of build up of free radicals and restoring DNA of damaged cells. It also contains high amounts of Omega 3 and 6 fatty acids that can help to maintain normal blood pressure as well as cholesterol levels. Omega 3 and 6 fatty acids also inhibit blood clotting that causes the blockage of arteries and heart diseases.

b) Onions and garlic
Garlic and onions contain high amounts of sulfur compounds that not only help to improve circulation of blood but also help to keep your platelets from clumping together. Daily consumption of both garlic and onions help to keep blood pressure and cholesterol levels in healthy range. Be sure to talk to your doctor if you are taking any blood thinner medicines.

c) Nuts and seeds
Nuts and seeds contain high amounts of unsaturated fat and vitamin E. Unsaturated fat helps to prevent clots of arteries and lower cholesterol levels. Vitamin E, and the antioxidants beta varotene on the other hand stops bad cholesterol LDL from building up in the arteries, decreasing the risk of heart attacks.

d) Vegetables and fruits
Vegetable and fruits contain high amounts vitamins A, E, C and B. Vitamin E, the antioxidants beta carotene and vitamin C help to strengthen your small blood vessels and thins your blood so it can flow smoothly in result of lowering the risk of heart disease and strokes. Plums, tomatoes, and watercress are the best choices.

There are many more foods that can help to lower high blood pressure and cholesterol levels such as horsenut, grape juices, and apples. I hope this article will give you some ideas of choosing foods that help to restore your health and disease prevention.

3. Prevention and Treatment of Heart Disease with Nutritional Supplements

Heart diseases are caused by high blood pressure that contributes to hardening of the arteries. High levels of bad cholesterol (LDL) build up in the arteries as a result of uncontrolled diet with high levels of saturated fat and trans fat. Beside foods and herbs, nutritional supplements also play an important role in preventing heart diseases and stroke. Here are some nutritional supplements which have proven record in treating heart diseases:

1. L-Arginine
L-Arginine helps to increase the production of nitric oxide in our body, this has an anti-angina and anti-stress effect upon the arteries enabling the muscles in the arterial walls to relax. L-Arginine also helps to prevent the build up of plaque on the arterial walls. L- Arginne taken either orally or intravenously has been found to prevent and reverse atherosclerosis, improving the functional status of heart failure and increasing blood flow in heart disease patients.

2. L- Carnitine
L-Carnitine working with vitamin E will help the body to recover quickly from fatigue. L-Carnitine helps the body convert fatty acids into energy, which is used primarily for muscular activities throughout the body. When working with vitamin E, L-carnitine will help the body to recover quickly from fatigue and combat heart diseases.

3. Lecithin
Lecithin supplies the body with needed inositol, choline and phosphatidyl choline that help to maintain healthy arteries. Lecithin also helps to reduce plaque in the arteries, lower blood pressure and ameliorate angina pectoris.

4. Niacin
Niacin a B3 vitamin, helps decreases blood levels of cholesterol and triglycerides which may reduce the risk of atherosclerosis. Niacin can only be taken under medical supervision because of it’s side effects.

5. Selenium
Selenium deficiency will cause increase in high blood pressure.

6. Taurine
Taurine is an amino acid that acts as an antioxidant helping to fortify cardiac contraction and enhance the outflow of blood from the heart. Intake of taurine will reduce the risk of congestive heart failure and arteriosclerosis.

7. Calcium and potassium
Calcium and potassium deficiency may result in heart palpitation.

8. Magnesium
Magnesium helps to improve blood circulation by permitting the muscles in the arterial wall to rest.

9. Lutein
Lutein is one of the carotenoids, yellow and orange pigments found in many fruits and vegetables. Lutein supplementation has already been proven in helping prevent muscular degeneration, the most common cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly. Study shows that increased dietary intake of lutein may protect against the development of early atherosclerosis. It also helps explain why diets rich in fruits and vegetables are associated with reduced risk of heart diseases.

4. Prevention and Treatment of Heart Disease with Herbs

There are many causes of heart disease. Anything that serves to damage the inner lining of blood vessels and impedes the Transportation of oxygen and nutrition to the heart can be defined as a risk of heart disease. Besides aspirin, foods, and diet there are some herbs which have proven record and have been used over thousands of years in the history of mankind that would help to lower the risk of heart diseases as follow:

1. Flax seeds
Flax seeds contain high amounts of alpha-linoenic acid that helps to lower high blood pressure and the risk of stroke. Eating too much flax seeds will cause gas to build up if you are not used to it.

2. Ginkgo biloba
Ginkgo biloba helps to to make blood less sticky and prevents blood clotting and stroke. Unlike aspirin, Ginkgo biloba will not cause upset stomach and internal bleeding. Also, Ginkgo biloba can improve blood circulation. Be sure not to take Ginkgo seeds because they are toxic and can cause seizures.

3. Cayenne
Cayenne stimulates blood flow, and strengthens the heart’s metabolism. It also helps to improve blood circulation as well as the digestive and immune systems. Cayenne contains high amounts of beta-carotene, cobalt, essential fatty acids, niacin and zinc that helps circulatory stimulation, blood purification, detoxification and fatigue.

4. Mistletoe
Mistletoe can stimulate the heartbeat and increase cardiac output. It can help to relieve heart strain, stimulate circulation, and lower blood pressure. Do not overdose and eat mistletoe berriea, because it is toxic.

5. Hawthorn berry
Hawthorn berry contains high amount of flavonoids that help to provide direct nourishment to the heart as well as dilate the coronary arteries.

6.Bugleweeds
Bugleweeds help to alleviate heart palpitation and high blood pressure. Study shows that bugleweeds act chiefly on the blood vessels, and is especially useful in plethoric and inflammatory states, particularly internal inflammations, and cardiac diseases.

7 Motherwort
Motherwort can be used in secure cardiac electrical rhythm. Be sure to talk to your doctor before taking motherwort supplements.

8. Tansy
Tansy is used to help heart palpitations and also helps to improve blood circulation.
Remember that herbs help to lower high blood pressure and cholesterol levels will also help to prevent heart diseases and stroke.

4. Prevention and Treatment of Heart Disease with Chinese Herbs

You might have heard that “taking an aspirin a day will keep your heart attacks away”. In fact Aspirin does help your heart, the salicyca acid in aspirin helps to keep blood cells from clumping together and sticking to the arterial wall. This reduces the risk of heart diseases. Besides aspirin, foods and herbs, in this article we will discuss what kinds of Chinese herbs traditional Chinese doctors use in treating heart diseases. Please note that Chinese medicines have been around for over 4,000 years well before the existence of western medicines.
Here are some Chinese herbs that have been used for treating heart diseases:

1. Nu zhen zi (privet fruit):
Nu zhen zi is the ying kidney and liver tonic that is the significant immune enhancement agent. Nu zhen zi also helps ying deficiency such as dizziness, floater, weak knee and enhancing heart blood.

2. Hong hua (safflower):
Hong hua is one of the Chinese herbs that have been used to break up blood stagnation and improve blood circulation. It is also used to unblock uterine stagnation.

3. Ru xiang (frankincense)
Ru xiang is used for thousand of years in treating joint pain, alleviating chest pain as well as breaking up blood stagnation and improving blood flow to the heart.

4. Mao yao (myzzh)
Mao yao contain elements that help to break up stagnation of blood resulting in improved blood circulation in our body.

5. Fu ling (poria)
Fu ling is a fungus that helps to enhance the immune system’s ability to fight off viruses. It is used in Chinese medication for heart calming and palpitation smoothing.

6. Yin yang hou horney (goat weed)
Goat weed helps to lower high blood pressure and heart calming.

7. Du zhong (rubber tree bark)
Du zhong is consider the primary herb used to increase the yang function in the body resulting in benefits of the heart.

There are many more Chinese herbs that can help to lower bad cholesterol levels and high blood pressure as well as preventing and curing heart diseases such as xian fu, wu wei zhi, and da zhao.

5. Prevention and Treatment of Heart Disease with Herbs

As we mentioned in the previous articles, heart diseases are caused by high blood pressure that contributes to hardening and thinning of the arteries. High levels of bad cholesterol (LDL) builds up in the arteries as a result of uncontrolled diet with high levels of saturated fat and trans fat. In this article, we will discuss other types of heart diseases that can affect any part of the heart including the following:

I. A cardiac tumor can be either malignant or benign

A) Benign tumors
1. Myxoma
Myxoma is a cardiac benign tumor. It is the most common tumor inside of cavities of the heart and most of them occur in the left atrium of the heart obstructing the normal flow of blood within the chambers of the heart. Symptoms of Myxoma include paroxysmal dyspnea, weight loss, feverhemoptysis, lightheadedness and sudden death.

2. Rhabdomyomas
Most of rhabdomyomas occur in children or infants and are associated with tuberous sclerosis. It develops in the myocardium or the endocardium and accounts for about one out of every five tumors that originate in the heart causing obstruction of blood flow, valvular insufficiency, and cardiac arrhythmias. Symptoms of rhabdomyomas include palpitations, chest pains, shortness of breath, and nausea.

3. Fibromas
Fibromas develop in the myocardium or the endocardium. These tumors are composed of fibrous or connective tissue and tend to occur on the valves of the heart and may be related to inflammation. Other than seeing or feeling the fibroma, there are no usual symptoms.

4. Teratomas of the pericardium
It is often attached to the base of the great vessels, usually occuring in infants. They are rarer than cysts or lipomas, usually causes no symptoms.

B) Malignant tumors
Malignant tumors that originated elsewhere in the body and spread to the heart are more common than ones that originate in the heart. Malignant heart tumors can originate from any heart tissue. They occur mostly in children.

1. Angiosarcomas
Angiosarcomas account for about a third of all malignant heart tumors and usually start on the right side of the heart. The cause of angiosarcomas is usually unknown and symptoms of angiosarcomas differ according to the location of the tumour. Often symptoms of the disease are not apparent until the tumour is well advanced.

2. Fibrosarcomas
Fibrosarcomas occur as a soft-tissue mass or as a primary or secondary bone tumor. The 2 main types of fibrosarcoma of bone are
a) Primary fibrosarcoma is a fibroblastic malignancy that produces variable amounts of collagen
b) Secondary fibrosarcoma of bone arises from a preexisting lesion or after radiotherapy to an area of bone or soft tissue. Symptoms of fibrosarcomas include broken bone, pain, swelling, lump found under skin or bone, frequent urination and urinary obstruction.

3. Rhabdomyosarcomas
Rhabdomyosarcomas are a cancer made up of cells that normally develop into skeletal muscles of the body and are also more common in children. They usually have some type of chromosome abnormality in the cells of the tumor, which are responsible for the tumor formation. Symptoms of rhabdomyosarcomas include bleeding from the nose, vagina, rectum, throat and tingling, numbness, and pain.

4.) Liposarcomas
Liposarcoma normally appears as a slowly enlarging, painless, nonulcerated submucosal mass in a middle-aged person. Symptoms include palpation, weakness, limitation of motion weight loss, fatigue, and lassitude.

II. Sudden cardiac death
The victim may or may not have diagnosis of heart diseases and the death is totally unexpected. Sudden cardiac death is a result from abrupt loss of heart function. The cause of sudden cardiac dealth might be a result of coronary heart disease.

III. Hypertensive heart disease
Hypertensive heart disease are caused by high blood pressure that increases the work load of the heart. Overtime the muscles of the heart become thick in result of an enlarged left ventricle and decreased blood pump from the heart. Symptoms of heart failure include shortness of breath, swelling in the feet, ankles, or abdomen, fatigue, irregular pulse, nausea and frequent urination at night.

6. Prevention and Treatment of Heart Disease – Aspirin: Friend or Foe ?

Besides cancer, heart disease kills more than 2,000 Americans everyday. Approximately 60 million Americans have heart disease. There are many causes of heart disease. Anything that serves to damage the inner lining of blood vessels and impedes the transportation of oxygen and nutrition to the heart can be defined as a risk of heart disease. You might have heard “taking an Aspirin a day will keep your heart attacks away”. In fact, Aspirin does help your heart. the salicyca acid in aspirin helps to keep bloods cells from clumping together and sticking to the arterial wall. This reduces the risk of heart diseases. Here are some reasons to be cautious about aspirin therapy.
Before discussing the benefits and side effects of aspirin, there are some people who should not take aspirin. These include:
a. Allergies to ASA
b. last trimester of pregnancy
c. prone to bleeding
d. has an active peptic ulcer
e. taking blood thinner medication.

1. Aspirin indeed helps your blood from clotting. If you suffer any bleeding, taking aspirin will make bleeding harder to stop. Study show that aspirin might increase the bleeding complication. If you are taking any blood thinner medication or you have an ulcer, please consult with your doctor before taking aspirin. For people suffering from hemorrhages (this is the loss of blood from the circulatory system or internal bleeding taking aspirin) they would do more harm than good.

2. Aspirin increases the risk of bleeding and hemorrhagic strokes that are caused by blood vessels bursting in or around your brain. Therefore do not assume that taking an aspirin a day would do no harm. Please consult with with your doctor before starting aspirin therapy.

3. Study shows that aspirin does not work well with people with high cholesterol levels. People with cholesterol levels over 220 respond poorly to aspirin therapy. Therefore, if your cholesterol level is over 220 you might need to find some other therapy to lower the risk of heart diseases.
Aspirin also causes some side affects such as heartburn, indigestion and mild-to-moderate abdominal or stomach cramps.

7. Prevention and Treatment of Heart Disease- Fat : Friend Or Foe

As we discussed in previous articles, we know that heart disease kills more than 2,000 Americans everyday. Approximately 60 million Americans have heart disease. It is caused by uncontrolled diet that is high in saturated and trans fat resulting in arteries being clogged up by bad cholesterol LDL and the inner lining of blood vessels being damaged,impeding the transportation of oxygen and nutrition to the heart. The general public has always had a misunderstanding of the meaning of the word “fat”. For them “fat” is bad for your health, causing things like heart diseases and making you overweight. In fact, fat plays an important role in your daily health, if you how to choose the right kind of fat to be included in your daily diets. In this article, we will discuss 4 types of fat and whether or not they are friend or foe.

1. Saturated fat
Saturated fats have a chemical makeup in which the carbon atoms are saturated with hydrogen atoms. Saturated fats are typically solid at room temperature. Eating saturated fats will increase both low density lipoprotein LDL (bad cholesterol) and high density lipoprotein (good cholesterol) levels. Therefore eating more saturated fat will cause cholesterol to clog up arteries. Limit your daily intake of no more than 7% calories will lessen the chance of heart disease. In fact saying that animal fats is the same as saturated fats is very misleading, as many animal fats are actually more than 50% unsaturated, and chicken fat is actually 70% unsaturated. Foods containing high saturated fat include meats, butter, whole milk, cheese, and coconut oil.

2. Trans fat
Trans fats are found naturally in some animal-based foods, but are also formed when liquid oils are made into semi-solid fats like shortening and hard margarine. Study shows that dietary saturated and trans fats can increase your risk of developing heart disease. Trans fats raise LDL and lower HDL cholesterol, increasing the risk of heart diseases and stroke. Foods containing high amounts of trans fat include margarine and vegetable shortening.

3. Monounsaturated fat
Monounsaturated fat is the healthiest type of fat. It helps to lower the bad cholesterol LDL and increase good cholesterol HDL, in some cases cleanses the bad cholesterol in the arteries and blood vessels. Foods containing high amounts of monounsaturated fat include olive oil, peanut oil canola oil, and nuts.

4. Polyunsaturated fat
Polyunsaturated fats are typically liquid at room temperature and when chilled. Polyunsaturated fats can reduce both LDL and HDL cholesterol levels in your blood, lowering the risk of heart disease. Foods containing high amounts of polyunsaturated fat include vegetable oils, corn, and sunflower. Be aware that too much of polyunsaturated fat might increase the risk of cancer.

By replacing your daily consumption of saturated and trans fat with monounsaturated fat and polyunsaturated fat or eating less saturated and trans fat, you are ensuring yourself healthy cholesterol levels and blood pressure in result of lowering the risk of heart diseases and strokes.

7. Prevention and Treatment of Heart Disease- Dairy Products: Friend Or Foe

As mentioned in the previous articles, we know that approximately 60 million Americans have heart disease. It is caused by uncontrolled diets high in saturated and trans fat resulting in arteries being clogged up by bad cholesterol LDL and the inner lining of blood vessels being damaged impeding the transportation of oxygen and nutrition to the heart. There are many opinions about pros and cons of dairy products in our diet. Would it also be the cause of cholesterol building up in the arteries, high blood pressure and heart diseases? In this article, we will discuss dairy products: friend or foe?

Diary products which contain lactose are products made from milk including cheese, yogurt, and butter that have been part of the human diet for years. They play an important role in a healthy diet, both for nutritional value and personal enjoyment but also contains elements that can cause cholesterol to build up in the arteries and high blood pressure resulting in heart diseases.
Study shows that milk drinkers are no more likely to die of a heart disease than non milk drinkers. In fact drinking less than 4 cups of milk a day actually lessens the chance of dying of any cause.
Since milk contains high saturated fat, by selecting skim or low fat milk it not only helps to lessen the chance of heart attack but also benefits from the nutritional supplements and minerals contained in milk.
Other dairy products that we would like to mention here are eggs. Eggs get a bad name for high cholesterol content. Study shows that eating one egg a day does not increase the risk of heart attack or stroke, unless you are diabetic. Eggs contain high amounts of B vitamins, vitamin A, D, and E that are vital for a healthy heart.
Besides milk and eggs, there are other dairy products such as cheese and butter. Statistics show that North Americans eat nearly 3 times more cheese than they did 30 years ago. Cheese contains high amounts of calcium but also high amounts in saturated fat which is the main cause of cholesterol build up in the arteries, and high blood pressure resulting in heart diseases and stroke. In fact if you can cut the amount of cheese and butter consumed daily by half and replace them with low fat cheese you will limit your risk of heart attack. For best protection, be sure to limit your cheese intake to less than 2 ounces a week.
By all means, choosing low fat and limiting your daily intake of dairy products will not only limit the risk of heart disease but also help your body to absorb the needed nutrition as result of better health.

8. Heart Diseases—How to Treat Heart Diseases with Chelation Therapy

As we mentioned in the previous articles, heart diseases are caused by uncontrolled diets high in saturated and trans fats resulting in arteries being clogged up by bad cholesterol LDL and the inner lining of blood vessels being damaged impeding the transportation of oxygen and nutrition to the heart.

People with heart diseases using this type of therapy must be carefully selected and approved by their doctors. The prime candidate is people at their 40′s and people already suffering from advanced forms of heart disease such as angina and intermittent claudication, because the people in this age group will experience some form of heart disease caused by excessive cholesterol intake and build up of calcium, scar tissues and fat within the arteries.

This form of chelation therapy includes the usage of an IV apparatus and EDTA that is a widely used abbreviation for the chemical compound ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. EDTA, the chelation agent, not only helps to clean the harmful substances such as lead, uranium, nickel and calcium deposited in the arterial wall but also improves circulation, enhances the immune system and inhibits the creation of free radical. With the slow flow of EDTA from the bottle through the IV and finally into the patient’s vein and bloodstream results in turning back the clock for many potential heart disease victims. Chelation therapy is not only helpful as an attractive alternative to bypass surgery, but also has the ability to improve the function of the brain, since this form of therapy is especially helpful in treating arterial blockage in the upper body.

Other benefits of chelation therapy include: reduction of liver-produced cholesterol, lowered cholesterol levels, reducing high blood pressure, and fewer excessive heart contractions.
With all the success in chelation therapy, it also produces some side effects for some people such as headaches, diarrhea, fainting, fatigues, fever, and cramps. Be sure you understand all these problems before taking chelation therapy.
I hope this information will help. If you need more information of the above subject, please visit my home page at:
Kyle J. Norton
http://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.com/
http://healtharticles-heartdiseases.blogspot.com/
All rights reserved. Any reproducing of this article must have all the links intact.

 

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